Diamond

Diamonds are pure carbon crystals, renowned for their unmatched hardness (the hardest natural material, rated 10 on the Mohs scale) and exceptional brilliance. Their value is determined by the “Four Cs”: carat, color, clarity, and cut. Diamonds are typically transparent but can occur in various colors due to trace elements.

Pearl

Pearls are organic gems formed inside mollusks. They are composed mainly of calcium carbonate and are prized for their luster and smooth, round shape. Colors range from white and cream to black, pink, and gold. Pearls are softer than most gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 2.5–4.5.

Sapphire

Sapphires are a variety of corundum (aluminum oxide) and are best known for their blue color, though they appear in many hues except red (which are rubies). Sapphires are very hard (Mohs 9), durable, and valued for their brilliance and range of colors.

Ruby

Rubies are the red variety of corundum, colored by chromium. They are prized for their vivid red color and fluorescence, which can intensify their hue. Rubies are also very hard (Mohs 9) and are among the most valuable colored gemstones.

Emerald

Emeralds are the green variety of beryl, colored by trace amounts of chromium or vanadium. They have a Mohs hardness of 7.5–8 but are often included (contain internal fractures), making them less tough. Emeralds are celebrated for their rich green color.

Opal

Opals are hydrated silica minerals, unique for their play-of-color-a shifting rainbow effect caused by their internal structure. Opals have a Mohs hardness of 5–6.5 and can display every color of the spectrum. Black opals and those with red flashes are especially prized